Goyal Brothers Solutions for ICSE Class 9 History Civics Chapter 19 Local Self Government Urban Local Institutions

Exercises

Question 1. By whom are the members of a City Corporation (Municipal Corporation) elected?
Answer: The members of a City Corporation (Municipal Corporation) are elected by all the adult citizens registered as voters in the Municipal Area.
In simple words: All adults living in the city who are registered to vote get to choose the members who run the Municipal Corporation.

📝 Teacher's Note: Use the classroom setting to explain elections by letting students "elect" a monitor, representing how citizens elect local leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Be sure to use the phrase "registered as voters" to show you understand the eligibility criteria.

Question 2. Who is elected head of a Municipal Corporation? OR Name the Presiding Officer of a Municipal Corporation.
Answer: The Mayor is elected head of a Municipal Corporation.
In simple words: The Mayor is the person chosen to be the leader and chairperson of the big city's local government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Compare the Mayor's role in a city to the Principal's role in a school to help students understand leadership levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: If the question asks for the "Presiding Officer," the answer remains "The Mayor."

Question 3. Mention any two functions of the Mayor of a City Corporation.
Answer: Two functions of the Mayor of a City Corporation are:
1. To preside over the meeting of the Corporation and to regulate the conduct of business in such meetings.
2. To maintain decorum and discipline in the meetings.
In simple words: The Mayor leads the meetings where city decisions are made and makes sure everyone behaves and follows the rules during those meetings.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss why discipline is important in large meetings where many people have different opinions.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on words like "preside," "decorum," and "discipline" to show technical knowledge of administrative roles.

Question 4. Who is the Chief Executive (Administrative) Officer of a Municipal Corporation?
Answer: The Chief Executive (Administrative) Officer of a Municipal Corporation is the Municipal Commissioner.
In simple words: While the Mayor is the elected head, the Municipal Commissioner is the top official who handles the actual day-to-day running of the city's services.

📝 Teacher's Note: Clarify the difference between an elected official (Mayor) and an appointed government officer (Municipal Commissioner).

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse the Mayor (political head) with the Commissioner (administrative head).

Question 5. Mention one obligatory and one discretionary function of a Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality).
Answer: Obligatory Function: Public Health and Sanitation. Discretionary Function : Transport Facility.
In simple words: An obligatory function is something the city "must" do, like keeping streets clean. A discretionary function is something they "can" do if they have extra money, like providing bus services.

📝 Teacher's Note: Use the analogy of "needs" (obligatory) versus "wants" (discretionary) to explain these categories.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always provide clear examples for both categories as requested by the question.

Question 6. What is an important function of a Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality) in the field of education?
Answer: The Municipal Corporation (or a Municipality) establishes primary and secondary schools, night-schools and adult education centers.
In simple words: The city government builds and runs schools for children and also provides classes for adults who want to learn.

📝 Teacher's Note: Mention that local governments focus on basic education to ensure high literacy rates in their specific areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Specifically mention "night-schools" or "adult education" to show the wide range of educational services provided.

Question 7. Name two local self-governing institution in the urban areas.
Answer:
1. Town Area Committee
2. Cantonment Board.
In simple words: These are different types of groups that look after the needs of people living in small towns or areas where the military lives.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that different urban areas need different types of management depending on their size and purpose.

🎯 Exam Tip: You can also mention Municipal Corporations or Municipalities as common urban local bodies.

Question 8. Who is elected Head (or Presiding Officer) of a Municipality?
Answer: The President or Chairman is elected Head (or Presiding Officer) of a Municipality.
In simple words: In a smaller city (Municipality), the leader is called a President or Chairman, unlike a big city where they are called a Mayor.

📝 Teacher's Note: Highlight the naming difference between Municipalities (President/Chairman) and Corporations (Mayor) to avoid confusion.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mention both "President" and "Chairman" as they are used interchangeably in different states.

Question 9. Mention any two limitations in efficient working of local self-governments.
Answer:
1. Unethical Means Adopted in Elections.
2. Low Rate of Literacy.
In simple words: Sometimes people use unfair tricks to win elections, and if many people cannot read or write, it is harder for them to understand how the government works.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss how education helps people make better choices when electing their leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use terms like "unethical means" and "literacy rate" as these are common sociological terms in the syllabus.

Question 10. In which urban area is a Notified Area Committee constituted? Why is it so called?
Answer: A Notified Area Committee (Nagar Panchayat) is set up in town having a population of less than \( 10 \) thousand. It is so called because it’s formation was notified by the Government in the State Gazette.
In simple words: It is for very small towns. It gets its name because the government officially announces its creation in a special public document.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that a "State Gazette" is like the government's official news bulletin where important rules are published.

🎯 Exam Tip: The population limit of "less than \( 10,000 \)" is a crucial detail for scoring full marks.

Question 11. Name the local body (authority) in an area where the armed forces personnel are living.
Answer: Cantonment Board has been set up in an area where the armed forces personnel are living.
In simple words: A Cantonment Board is the government group that looks after areas where soldiers and their families live.

📝 Teacher's Note: Point out that Cantonment areas are usually very clean and well-organized due to military supervision.

🎯 Exam Tip: Link the term "armed forces" directly with "Cantonment Board."

Question 12. Under whose administrative control does a Cantonment Board function?
Answer: Under the administrative control of the Army General Officer in Command, a Cantonment Board functions.
In simple words: A high-ranking army officer is in charge of overseeing the work of the Cantonment Board.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that this ensures that civilian and military needs in those areas are balanced by someone from the army.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the full title "Army General Officer in Command" for precision.

Question 13. By whom are the Cantonment Boards funded?
Answer: The Cantonment Boards are funded by the Ministry of Defense.
In simple words: The central government's defense department provides the money needed for these boards to work.

📝 Teacher's Note: Note that because these are military-related areas, the money comes from the central Ministry of Defense rather than just state taxes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that "Ministry of Defense" is the specific central government body responsible for funding.

Question 14. What is the main function of a Port Trust?
Answer: The main function of a Port Trust is to see that all types of Cargo traffic is properly handled at the port.
In simple words: A Port Trust manages the ships and goods (cargo) coming in and out of a city's harbor.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that coastal cities like Mumbai or Chennai have these special bodies to manage the heavy trade by sea.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the word "Cargo traffic" as it is the primary focus of port management.

Question 15. What is the main function of an Improvement Trust?
Answer: The main function of an Improvement Trust (Development Authority) is to properly plan all types of constructions— buildings, roads, shopping centers, flyovers and bridges in a city.
In simple words: They are the "planners" who decide where new buildings and bridges should be built to make the city better.

📝 Teacher's Note: Mention that these trusts help prevent the city from becoming overcrowded by planning development in advance.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning specific examples like "flyovers" and "shopping centers" makes your answer more descriptive.

Question 16. Mention any two defects in the working of a local self government institutions.
Answer: Two defects in the working of a local self-government institutions are;
1. Interference by Political Bosses.
2. Paucity of Funds.
In simple words: Sometimes powerful politicians interfere with the local work, and often there isn't enough money to finish all the projects.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that "Paucity of Funds" simply means a shortage of money, which stops good work from happening.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Interference by Political Bosses" is a strong point to include when discussing challenges in local governance.

Structured Questions

Question 1. With regard to the Municipal Corporation answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by the Municipal Corporation ?
(b) What are the functions of a Mayor of a Corporation?
Answer:
(a) The Municipal Corporation is “an elected body that is responsible for running the civic affairs of a large city and looking after various needs of the people who live there.” The Constitution lists \( 18 \) subjects in the \( 12 \)th Schedule which the municipal bodies have a duty to be involve with. These include mainly the town planning, roads, water supply, public health, slum improvement and public amenities (street lighting, public parks, public conveniences, etc.)
(b) The main functions of the Mayor of a Corporation are as follows:
1. To preside over the meetings of the Corporation and to regulate the conduct of business in such meetings.
2. To maintain decorum and discipline in the meetings.
3. To act as the channel of communication between the Corporation and the Government.
4. As ‘First Citizen’ of town to receive the foreign dignitaries visiting the city.
5. The Mayor has access to all papers and records of the Corporation.
6. Despite these powers, the Mayor is merely a figurehead if he is not elected directly by the people. Only a directly elected Mayor would have real power.
In simple words: A Municipal Corporation is a group of people elected to take care of a big city's roads, parks, and health. The Mayor is the leader who runs meetings and represents the city to the outside world.

📝 Teacher's Note: Help students memorize the "12th Schedule" and "18 subjects" as key facts about city governance.

🎯 Exam Tip: In part (b), mentioning the Mayor's role as the "channel of communication" is a point that earns high marks.

Question 2. Describe the functions of a Municipal Corporation regarding:
(a) Public Health and Sanitation.
(b) Electricity and Water Supply.
(c) Education and Sports.
(d) Public Works.
(e) Record of Births and Deaths.
Answer: Following are the subject concerned functions of a Municipal Corporation:
(a) Public Health and Water Supply: The Municipal Corporation establishes and maintains hospitals, dispensaries, maternity homes and child welfare centers. It provides vaccination and inoculation, disposal of garbage and rules against adulteration of milk, drugs and foodstuffs.
(b) Electricity and Water Supply: It incorporates provision of safe drinking-water, construction and maintenance of water works and supply of electricity.
(c) Education and Sports: The Corporation establishes primary and secondary schools, night-schools and adult education centres. They provide facilities to young boys and girls, to develop their aptitude for sports.
(d) Public Works: It includes
1. The maintenance and naming of public roads and streets;
2. Framing rules regarding the construction of shopping centers, restaurants and hotels; and
3. Serving notice for the demolition of such buildings as are in bad condition.
(e) Record of Births and Death: The Municipal Corporation maintains an account of births and deaths.
In simple words: The city government does many things: they run hospitals, make sure we have clean water and power, build schools and sports areas, fix roads, and keep a list of everyone born or who has passed away.

📝 Teacher's Note: Have students create a chart showing how each of these services affects their daily life.

🎯 Exam Tip: For "Public Works," mention the naming of roads as it is a specific and unique task of the corporation.

Question 3. Describe the Discretionary Functions of a Municipal Corporation.
Answer: The Discretionary functions of a Municipal Corporation are
1. Transport Facilities: Local authorities may manage a bus service for carrying people from one place to another.
2. Cultural Activities: The Municipal Corporations may establish libraries and museums. Cultural activities like— drama, music and painting are also encouraged by Municipal Corporations.
3. Sports and Recreation: The Corporation organises fairs, exhibitions and wrestling events. Recreational facilities may also be provided.
4. Welfare Services: Municipal Corporation are expected to launch family welfare schemes and to undertake poverty alleviation programmers. The Corporation can look after public distribution system too.
In simple words: These are "extra" services that help make life better, like building libraries, organizing festivals, running buses, and helping poor families.

📝 Teacher's Note: Clarify that a city can choose to do these functions based on how much money they have left after completing obligatory tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Categorizing these into bullet points like "Transport," "Culture," and "Welfare" helps make your answer clear to the examiner.

Question 4. With regard to a Municipality (Municipal Committee) answer the following questions:
(a) What is meant by a Municipal Committee ?
(b) What are the three Discretionary functions of a Municipal Committee ?
(c) What are the three Obligatory functions of a Municipal Committee ?
Answer:
(a) Municipal Committee is an elected body that is responsible for running the civic affairs of a smaller town or an urban area. It looks after many needs of the people, such as health and sanitation, water supply, fire services, street lighting and urban amenities like parks and playgrounds.
(b) The Discretionary functions of a Municipal Committee are: establishing libraries and reading rooms, constructing stadiums for sport activity, organising fairs and exhibitions, providing transport facilities and other amenities for people’s convenience.
(c) Three obligatory function of Municipality include
1. Public Health and Sanitation: The Municipality takes responsibility of maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning public lanes and preventing the sale of rotten foodstuffs and adulterated milk, etc.
2. Electricity and Water Supply: It is the duty of the Municipal Committees to provide safe drinking water and electricity for domestic and commercial use.
3. Education and Sports: The Municipalities establish primary and secondary schools. They also provide facilities to young boys and girls to develop their aptitude for sports.
4. Construction of road and registration of birth and deaths.
In simple words: A Municipal Committee is a group that runs a smaller town. They must provide water and health services, but they can choose to build libraries or stadiums if they have the funds.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that the main difference between a Municipal Corporation and a Municipal Committee is the size of the population they serve.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note that "Construction of road" and "registration of birth and deaths" are grouped as a fourth point in the answer text, making it detailed.

Question 5. With regard to the composition of a Municipality(Municipal Committee), answer the following questions:
(a) How are the members of a Municipality elected?
(b) Who can be elected as Members of the Board (Council)?
(c) Who presides over the meeting of a Municipal Board and what are his powers and responsibilities?
Answer:
(a) The members of the Municipality are elected by the adult citizens living within the Municipal area. The size of the Council, varies from town to town, depending on the population of the city. The New Nagarpalika Act, provides for reservation of seats in every Municipality for SCs, STs and women. There is provision of aldermen. They are elected by the Councillors.
(b) Only those persons can be elected as Councillors,
1. who have attained the age of \( 21 \) or \( 25 \) years;
2. who do not hold an office of profit under the Government or any local body;
3. whose names are registered as voters in the Municipal area. Under the New Nagarpalika Act, every Municipality will have a uniform five-year term. In the event of dissolution, election would be compulsorily held within six months.
(c) The President or Chairman presides over the meeting of a Municipal Board. His powers are :
1. He presides over the meetings of the Board and regulates the conduct of business in such meetings;
2. He is the channel of communication between the Municipal Board and the Government;
3. He has access to all records and documents of the Municipality. In some states, the Presidents are empowered to appoint teachers of primary schools and members of the lower staff. The President can suspend municipal employees, except the Executive officer or such other officers as are drawn from State Civil Service.
In simple words: Members are elected by local adults. To be a member, you must be a registered voter and over a certain age. The President runs the meetings and acts as the bridge between the town and the higher government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Introduce the concept of "Reservation" and why it is important for women and minority groups to participate in local government.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorizing the "Office of Profit" rule is essential as it is a common disqualification criteria in many government exams.

Question 6. With regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality, answer the following questions;
(a) What are the functions of a Municipal Committee?
(b) What are the sources of income of a Municipality?

Answer:
The above questions with regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality are answered as below
The functions of a Municipal Committee :
(a) Obligatory Functions:
1. Public Health and Sanitation: It undertakes the responsibility of maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning public lanes and preventing the sale of rotten food-stuffs and adulterated milk etc.
2. Electricity and Water Supply: It provides safe drinking- water and electricity for domestic and commercial use.
3. Education and Sports: The Municipalities establish primary and secondary schools. They also provide facilities to young boys and girls to develop their aptitude for sports.
4. Public Works: The public works mainly include the construction of roads, shopping centres and community halls.
5. Registration of Births and Deaths: The Municipals Boards maintain an account of births and deaths in the city.
(b) Discretionary Functions:
Municipalities establish libraries and reading rooms, constructing stadiums for sport activity, organising fairs and exhibitions, providing, transport facilities and other amenities for peoples, convenience. Under Afe/zrw Rozgar Yojana, financial assistance was given to small artisans for self-employment. There was also a provision for housing and slum clearance programmes.
The sources of income of a Municipality are:
1. Income from Taxes: It includes tax on property, tax on vehicles, tax on advertisements and entertainment tax.
2. Cases Rates: The citizens are required to pay ceses on consumption water and electricity and licence fees for various vocations. Other such ceses are octroi duty and toll tax.
3. Grants-in-Aid: Grants from State Government constitute an important source of funding.
4. Remunerative Enterprises: The Municipal Committee may set up commercial complexes or establish other remunerative enterprises.

In simple words: A town's government has "must-do" jobs like health, water, and schools, and "extra" jobs like building libraries and parks. They get money to do this from local taxes, user fees for water/electricity, and help from the State government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Distinguish between obligatory (compulsory) and discretionary (optional) functions using daily examples. Help students understand that income sources like 'Octroi' are specifically local taxes.

🎯 Exam Tip: When listing functions, categorize them clearly into 'Obligatory' and 'Discretionary' to score higher. Mentioning 'Grants-in-Aid' is crucial for the income section.

Question 7. Although a legal framework for delegating Power to the People has been established, it is yet to be given an iron content. Explain briefly the limitations in efficient working of local self-governments under the following headlines:
(a)Unethical means adopted in elections
(b) Low rate of Literacy
(c) Suppressed position of rural women.

Answer:
(a) Unethical means:
Unfortunately ‘money’ nowadays plays a big role in elections. The rich farmers in rural areas and traders and propertied classes in towns and cities squander a lot of money. This can mar the electoral prospects of those candidates who can not spend much on elections. We also find a connection between criminals and some powerful persons both in rural and urban areas. This may well distort election results. It is a great threat to cleaner polls.
(b) Low rate of Literacy:
Ignorance and democracy cannot go hand in hand. To remain in power needs to have a sound knowledge of facts. People should know the persons whom they elect to act as their representatives. In 2001, The Literacy-rate was recorded at 65.38 in the country. But in a certain districts and regions the number of illiterates is alarming even now.
(c) Suppressed position of rural women:
The 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts lay down that 1/3rd of the total number of seats at all levels would be reserved for women. The socio-economic condition of tribal women or those belonging to rural or backward regions, is no better than second-rate citizens. They have to face a stiff opposition from their parents or in-laws, if they wish to enter public life. At many places, women elected as Sarpanchas were not allowed to take charge of their work. They are discouraged from going to Panchayat’s office and if they dare go there, they would simply be required to sign some documents and go back to their homes.

In simple words: Local governments face problems like rich people using too much money to win elections unfairly, people not knowing enough about their rights because they can't read, and women often being stopped from doing their jobs as leaders by their own families.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss the 73rd and 74th amendments as historical milestones for women's empowerment. Explain the term 'iron content' as meaning 'real strength or substance'.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the social aspect. Use terms like 'electoral prospects' and 'socio-economic condition' to demonstrate a deep understanding of the challenges.

Question 8. There are many defects in the working of local self government institutions. Analyse them under the following headlines:
(a) Communal and Caste factors.
(b) Role of Money in Elections
(c) Paucity of funds.

Answer:
Following are the defects regarding the concerned headlines in the working of local self-government institutions:
(a) Communal and Caste factors: Democracy loses its substance if voters are swayed by communal or caste factors. It is unfortunate that candidates are selected on the basis of their caste or community and voters are persuaded to vote on caste and communal lines.
(b) Role of Money in Elections:
In the heat of the election- campaign, the rich, farmers and traders squander a lot of money, usually in a wasteful way. This tendency gives a severe set-back blow to the electoral prospects of the capable candidates who are not in a position to spend much on elections.
(c) Paucity of Funds:
The most serious confronting the rural and the urban bodies is the shortage of funds. These institutions have been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing plans for economic and social development, rural electrification, poverty alleviation slum improvement and urban forestry. To undertake such onerous tasks, the local bodies are yet to start functioning with independence and sufficient resources. Panchayats and urban bodies can become responsive to the local needs through effective participation of the people and sufficient funds at their command.

In simple words: Some problems in local government are that people vote based on caste instead of good work, rich people "buy" votes with money, and the local bodies don't have enough money to actually fix roads or help poor people.

📝 Teacher's Note: Define 'Communal' as factors related to religious communities. Use the term 'Paucity' to explain 'extreme shortage' in a way students can remember.

🎯 Exam Tip: 'Paucity of Funds' is the most common answer for any "limitations" question in civics. Make sure to list the responsibilities that are affected by this lack of money.

Question 9. Describe the shortcomings (limitations in efficient working) of the Panchayati Raj System with reference to the following:
(a) Unethical Means adopted in elections
(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the country
(c) Communal trends in voting.

Answer:
(a) Unethical Means adopted in elections:
There are some unethical means which are adopted in elections such as
1. Money game in elections,
2. Connection between criminals and some powerful persons in rural areas, and
3. And appeal to voters’s caste feelings.
(b) Poverty and Illiteracy in the country:
The illiterate and poor masses do not understand what their rights are. Ignorance and poverty causes to public apathy and lack of enthusiam about Panchayati Raj.
(c) Communal Trends in Voting:
The voters are not abvoe communal or religious prejudices. Very often the Muslims, the Sikhs, the Christians and other communities vote along communal lines. The Hindus are divided into numerous caste grouping. Unfortunately, caste has become a significant factor in electoral politics. The rural India needs forward looking leaders to take the reins of Panchayati Raj institutions in their hands.

In simple words: The village government system struggles because people sometimes use money or crime to win elections, poor people often don't know their rights, and people vote for their own religion or caste group instead of thinking about what's best for everyone.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain 'Public Apathy' as a situation where people stop caring or participating because they feel their voice doesn't matter. Encourage students to think about how literacy can change this.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the three sub-points as headings in your answer. Mentioning "forward looking leaders" adds a constructive concluding thought to your analysis.

Additional Questions

Short Answer Questions.

Question 1. Define the term ‘Urban area
Answer: An urban area is regarded as one which is a town or a city.
In simple words: An urban area is simply another name for a place that is a town or a city rather than the countryside.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss the physical differences students see between urban (cities) and rural (villages) areas.

🎯 Exam Tip: Keep this definition simple and direct as it is usually a \( 1 \)-mark question.

Question 2. Mention any two salient features of the Constitution (74th Amendment Act), 1992.
Answer: The salient features of the Act are the following:
1. The Act gives constitutional status to urban local bodies.
2. The Act provides for direct election to all the local selfgovernment bodies.
3. A fixed tenure of five years for the municipalities has been prescribed.
4. \( 33 \) per cent of the seats should be reserved for women under each category of SC/ST/Backward Classes.
In simple words: This law made city governments official parts of the Constitution, guaranteed elections every five years, and saved seats for women in the government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that "Constitutional status" means that the state governments cannot simply ignore or abolish local bodies easily anymore.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "\( 33 \) per cent reservation for women" is the most frequently asked feature of this Act.

Question 3. How is a Municipal Corporation set up ?
Answer: The cities with a population of one lakh and above can have a Municipal Corporation. It is set up under a special statute passed by the State Legislative.
In simple words: A big city with over \( 1,00,000 \) people can have its own Corporation, which is created by a law made by the state government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Note that in some states, the population requirement for a Corporation might be higher (like \( 10 \) lakhs), but the text provides the general guideline.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "special statute" to describe the law that creates the Corporation.

Question 4. Who is known as Mayor ? State one of his most important functions ?
Answer: Mayor is selected by the councillors and Aldermen as the representative of the city. One of his functions is to preside over the meetings of the Corporation.
In simple words: The Mayor is the person chosen to lead the city's council. Their main job is to lead the big meetings where city rules are discussed.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that Aldermen are often older, experienced people who are chosen for their wisdom rather than directly elected by everyone.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "presiding over meetings" function as it is the most visible and central part of their role.

Question 5. Who is the Municipal Commissioner ? How is he appointed?
Answer: The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive of the Corporation. He is appointed by the Governor usually for a term of \( 5 \) years.
In simple words: He is the boss of the city's administration, appointed by the state's Governor to make sure everything runs smoothly for five years.

📝 Teacher's Note: Emphasize that the Commissioner is a civil servant (like an IAS officer), while the Mayor is a politician.

🎯 Exam Tip: Clearly state that the appointment is made by the "Governor" for a fixed term.

Question 6. Name one compulsory and one optional function of the Municipal Corporation.
Answer: Compulsory function—Provision of electricity water, sewage disposal. Optional function—Public housing through housing boards or other bodies.
In simple words: The city must provide water and electricity. If they want to do more, they can build houses for people to live in.

📝 Teacher's Note: Help students understand that "Sewage disposal" is a compulsory function because it directly affects public health.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "Compulsory" instead of "Obligatory" if that's what the question uses, as they mean the same thing.

Question 7. What is known as Municipal Committee ? Who is its head?
Answer: Municipal Committee is set up for smaller Towns with a population between \( 20,000 \) to \( 3 \) lakhs. The Chairperson is its head.
In simple words: It is a local government group for mid-sized towns, and the person in charge is called the Chairperson.

📝 Teacher's Note: Reinforce the population ranges so students can differentiate between Corporations and Committees.

🎯 Exam Tip: The population bracket "\( 20,000 \) to \( 3 \) lakhs" is a defining characteristic of a Municipal Committee.

Question 8. Who is the Chief Executive Officer of a Municipal Committee ?
Answer: Chief Executive officer is an appointee of the State Government. He looks after the administrative wing of the Municipal Committee.
In simple words: The Chief Executive Officer is a person chosen by the state government to manage the daily office work and staff of the town's local council.

📝 Teacher's Note: Clarify for students that while the Chairperson is an elected political leader, the CEO is a career government official who handles administrative tasks.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "appointee of the State Government" to emphasize that this is a non-elected position.

Question 9. Give two points of difference between a Municipal Committee and a Municipal Corporation.
Answer:
Municipal Corporation
1. It is meant for big cities with a population of more than 10 lakhs.
2. The head is known as Mayor.
Municipal Committee
1. It is meant for Towns with a population between 20,000 to 3 lakhs.
2. The head is known as Chairperson.
In simple words: Municipal Corporations manage very big cities and are led by a Mayor, while Municipal Committees look after smaller towns and are led by a Chairperson.

📝 Teacher's Note: Create a table on the board to compare these two based on population size and the title of their respective heads.

🎯 Exam Tip: Memorize the specific population brackets for each as they are the primary criteria for classification.

Question 10. State one important function of a Municipal Committee.
Answer: Ideals with the State Government through the District Administration with respect to Education, Health, Engineering, Taxation etc.
In simple words: The Municipal Committee acts as a link between the town and the state government to manage things like building schools, improving hospitals, and collecting local taxes.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain the concept of "District Administration" as the channel through which local committees communicate their needs to higher government levels.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "liaison" or "link" role of the committee when answering questions about its relationship with the State Government.

Question 11. Name the self-government body in an area having military establishment.
Answer: Cantonment Board.
In simple words: A Cantonment Board is the special local council that manages areas where the army lives and works.

📝 Teacher's Note: Inform students that Cantonment Boards are unique because they are under the direct control of the Ministry of Defense rather than the state government.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a frequent one-word answer question; ensure the spelling is correct.

Question 12. What is the minimum age to be eligible to stand for Municipal Elections ?
Answer: The minimum age should be 21 years.
In simple words: To become a candidate and run for a position in the city council elections, a person must be at least 21 years old.

📝 Teacher's Note: Compare this with the voting age (18) and the age to run for Parliament (25) to help students differentiate between various eligibility requirements.

🎯 Exam Tip: Do not confuse the age for voting (18) with the age for contesting elections (21).

Question 13. Give one point of difference between a Town area Committee and the Notified Area Committee
Answer:
Town Area Committee
It is set up in Towns with population between 10.000 to 20000.
Notified Area Committee
It is set up in areas which are in Transition from rural to urban. mostly in the outskirts of big
In simple words: A Town Area Committee is for small established towns, while a Notified Area Committee is for places that are currently changing from a village into a city.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain the term "Transition" as the phase where a rural area is developing urban features like industries or large housing complexes.

🎯 Exam Tip: Note the population bracket for Town Area Committees specifically as it differentiates them from other urban bodies.

Question 14. Where can you find a Cantonment Board ? bow is a Cantonment Board set llP
Answer: It is an urban area. often on the outskirts of a large city with military establishment has a cantonment Board. It is set up by the Union Ministry of Defense for providing basic amenities to defense personnel and managing the local affairs of these areas.
In simple words: These boards are found near military bases. They are created by the national defense department to take care of the housing, water, and streets for soldiers and their families.

📝 Teacher's Note: The verbatim text from the source uses "bow" and "llP"; explain to students that these refer to "how" and "up".

🎯 Exam Tip: Always mention the "Union Ministry of Defense" as the authority that establishes these boards.

Question 15. What is known as Improvement Trust ?
Answer: The Improvement Trust looks after the specialised functions of the city. This is a government body.
In simple words: An Improvement Trust is a government organization that focuses on planning and improving specific parts of a city, like making sure new buildings and roads are built correctly.

📝 Teacher's Note: Contrast this with a Municipal Corporation which handles general daily services; the Trust focuses on long-term development and planning.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "specialised functions" to define why these trusts are distinct from regular local bodies.

Question 16. What are the functions of the Improvement Trust ?
Answer: The functions of the Improvement Trust are to handle special activities related to medical facilities, Social improvement, national sports, big ceremonies transport etc. e.g. in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow etc.
In simple words: They manage major city projects like building big hospitals, organizing large sports events, and creating better transportation systems in major cities.

📝 Teacher's Note: Use the example of a local development authority (like DDA in Delhi or MDA in Mumbai) to make this concept more relatable to students.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning names of big cities like Delhi or Mumbai as examples adds weight to your descriptive answer.

Question 17. Differentiate between Local Self-Government and Local Government.
Answer: Local Self-Government refers to “management of local affairs by the natives of the area itself or their representatives.” Local Self-Government is a “democratic government”. Local Government means, administration of a locality by officials appointed by the government.
In simple words: Local self-government is when people choose their own neighbors to run their town, while local government is when the central government sends outside officers to run the area.

📝 Teacher's Note: Emphasize the word "Self" in "Local Self-Government" to explain that the power lies with the local residents themselves.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use keywords like "natives" and "democratic" for self-government versus "appointed officials" for local government.

Question 18. Mention any two advantages of Local Self-Government.
Answer: Two advantage of Local Self-Government are:
1. Effective Management of the Local Affairs.
2. Good Training for running the Central and State Governments.
In simple words: It helps solve local problems like garbage or street lights more quickly and serves as a school for future national leaders to learn how to lead.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain how local people understand their neighborhood's problems better than a distant official, leading to better management.

🎯 Exam Tip: The "training ground" point is a very popular one in exams; make sure to mention it.

Question 19. What is meant by Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj?
Answer: Three-tier system of Panchayati Raj:
Gram Panchayat at village level—Panchayat Samiti at the Block level—Zila Parishad at the district level.
In simple words: It is a 3-level system for village government: the bottom level is the village council, the middle level covers a group of villages, and the top level covers the whole district.

📝 Teacher's Note: Draw a pyramid on the board with Gram Panchayat at the base and Zila Parishad at the top to visualize the hierarchy.

🎯 Exam Tip: Always list all three levels in the correct order (bottom to top or top to bottom) for a complete answer.

Question 20. Name any two institutions of Local Self-Government in rural areas.
Answer:
1. Gram Sabha.
2. Gram Panchayat.
In simple words: These are the basic groups that make decisions and rules for people living in villages.

📝 Teacher's Note: Briefly mention that the Gram Sabha is a bigger body of all voters, while the Gram Panchayat is the smaller executive body.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a straightforward list question; just providing the two names is sufficient.

Question 21. Explain the term ‘Gram Sabha’.
Answer: ‘Gram Sabha’ is a body of all the adult members registered as Voters in the Panchayat area.
In simple words: The Gram Sabha is a big meeting of every adult in the village who is allowed to vote. They meet to discuss what the village needs.

📝 Teacher's Note: Compare the Gram Sabha to a school assembly where every student (voter) is present to hear about the school's (village's) plans.

🎯 Exam Tip: Include the words "adult members" and "registered as voters" to give a technically correct definition.

Question 22. Mention any two functions of a Gram Sabha.
Answer: Two functions of a Gram Sabha are:
1. To approve the budget for the year.
2. To review the audit report of the last year’s accounts of the Panchayat.
In simple words: The people check and say "yes" to the village's spending plans for the next year and look over the receipts to make sure last year's money was spent properly.

📝 Teacher's Note: This is a great example of direct democracy, where the people themselves supervise the government's money.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Budget approval" and "audit review" are key administrative functions; highlighting these shows good understanding.

Question 23. Who elects the members of a Gram Panchayat?
Answer: The members of a Gram Panchayat are elected by the. Gram Sabha.
In simple words: The adult voters of the village meet in the Gram Sabha to choose the representatives who will sit on the Gram Panchayat.

📝 Teacher's Note: Clarify that while the Sabha is the general assembly, the Panchayat is the smaller committee that does the actual work.

🎯 Exam Tip: Simply stating "Gram Sabha" is usually enough for a short answer.

Question 24. What is the Head of a Village Panchayat called?
Answer: The Head of a Village Panchayat is called the Sarpanch.
In simple words: The main leader of a village's council is known as the Sarpanch.

📝 Teacher's Note: Mention that in some regions, the head might also be called 'Pradhan'.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a common one-word answer question.

Question 25. Name any two ex-officio members of a Gram Panchayat.
Answer: The Pradhan (President) and the Vice-President of the Gram Sabha.
In simple words: Certain leaders of the large village assembly automatically get a seat on the smaller village council because of their position.

📝 Teacher's Note: Define "ex-officio" as someone who holds a position because of another office they already have.

🎯 Exam Tip: Knowing the term "ex-officio" is very helpful for civics exams across many levels.

Question 26. Mention any two Civic and Welfare functions of a Gram Panchayat
Answer: Two Civic and Welfare functions of a Gram Panchayat are:
1. Provision of safe drinking-water which involves construction and maintenance of public wells and tanks.
2. Health care facilities for which the Panchayats set up dispensaries and health centers.
In simple words: They make sure the village has clean water from wells and a health clinic where sick people can go for help.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss how these basic services directly improve the daily lives of people living in far-off villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning "public wells and tanks" makes the answer more specific and realistic.

Question 27. Mention any two Developmental functions of a Gram Panchayat.
Answer: Two Development functions of a Gram Panchayat are:
1. Minor irrigation schemes.
2. Preparation and execution of agricultural plans.
In simple words: They help farmers by building small watering systems for crops and making plans to grow better food in the village.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that since most villagers are farmers, agricultural development is a top priority for the Panchayat.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Minor irrigation" is a keyword the examiner looks for in developmental function questions.

Question 28. Mention any two Regulatory or General Administrative functions of a Village Panchayat.
Answer: Two Regulatory or General Administrative-functions of a Village Panchayat are:
1. Registration of births, deaths and marriages.
2. Maintenance of watch and ward service (Chowkidars etc.).
In simple words: They keep official family records and hire night guards to keep the village safe.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain "watch and ward service" as a traditional way of providing local security using community watchmen.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning the registration of vital statistics (births/deaths) is a very important point for administrative functions.

Question 29. What is the function of a Nyaya Panchayat?
Answer: The function of a Nyaya Panchayat is to secure speedy and inexpensive justice to the villagers.
In simple words: It is a local village court that solves small problems quickly and without costing a lot of money, so people don't have to travel to big city courts.

📝 Teacher's Note: Emphasize that "Nyaya" means justice. These courts handle minor civil and criminal cases through compromise and simple hearings.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the words "speedy" and "inexpensive" as these are the core goals of local justice systems.

Question 30. Mention any two sources of income of a Gram Panchayat.
Answer: Two sources of income of a Gram Panchayat are:
1. Panchayats have right to levy taxes on property, land, goods and cattle.
2. Panchayats collect taxes on sale of goods in fairs and makeshift bazars (markets).
In simple words: The village council gets money by collecting small fees from land owners and from people selling things at the village market or fair.

📝 Teacher's Note: Help students understand that local taxes are necessary for the Panchayat to pay for cleaning streets and repairing wells.

🎯 Exam Tip: Providing examples like "property tax" or "market fees" makes for a solid answer.

Question 31. Name the intermediate level institution of the Panchayati Raj.
Answer: Panchayat Samiti.
In simple words: This is the middle step of the rural government ladder that sits between the village and the district level.

📝 Teacher's Note: The Samiti usually operates at the "Block" level, which is a group of about 100 villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that Panchayat Samiti is the "Block" level body.

Question 32. Who are the ex-officio members of a Panchayat Samiti?
Answer: All the Sarpanchas (President) of the Panchayats within the Block are the ex-officio members of a Panchayat Samiti.
In simple words: Every village leader in a specific area automatically becomes a member of this larger middle-level council.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain that this ensures every village has a direct voice in the decisions made at the larger block level.

🎯 Exam Tip: Identify that members come from the "Block" to correctly answer this question.

Question 33. Mention any two Civic and Development functions of a Panchayat Samiti.
Answer: Two Civic and Development functions of a Panchayat Samiti are:
1. Development of Cottage Industries.
2. Functions relative to Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries.
In simple words: They help villagers start small home-based businesses and work on better ways to farm, raise animals, and catch fish.

📝 Teacher's Note: Define "Cottage Industries" as small businesses like weaving or pottery that can be done at home.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning "Agriculture" and "Animal Husbandry" is very important for rural development answers.

Question 34. Mention any two Supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti.
Answer: Two Supervisory functions of a Panchayat Samiti are:
1. The Panchayat Samiti supervises the work of the Gram Panchayats.
2. The Samiti examines the Budget of the Panchayats and may make suitable modifications in it.
In simple words: They watch over the village councils to make sure they are doing their jobs right and check their spending plans to see if they need changing.

📝 Teacher's Note: This is an example of a "check and balance" system where a higher body ensures a lower body is working correctly.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Budget modification" is a key supervisory power; use this term for a high-scoring answer.

Question 35. Give two sources of income of a Panchayat Samiti.
Answer: Two sources of income of a Panchayat Samiti are:
1. Grant given by the State Government.
2. Income accruing from the taxes levied by the Samiti.
In simple words: They get a big sum of money from the state government and also collect their own local taxes from things in their area.

📝 Teacher's Note: Emphasize that "State Grants" are the largest part of a Samiti's budget because they have limited powers to tax.

🎯 Exam Tip: Mentioning "Grants from the State Government" is a very safe and correct point for almost any local body's income.

Question 36. Name the highest organ of the Panchayati Raj institutions at the district level.
Answer: Zila Parishad (To District Level).
In simple words: The Zila Parishad is the top organization that looks after the local government of the whole district.

📝 Teacher's Note: "Zila" means district. Explain that this body coordinates all the local development across the entire district area.

🎯 Exam Tip: This is a standard question on the 3-tier structure of Panchayati Raj.

Question 37. Mention any two Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad.
Answer: Two Civic and Welfare functions of a Zila Parishad are:
1. Construction and maintenance of public roads, bridges and culverts.
2. Construction of parks.
In simple words: They build big roads and bridges that connect towns and villages and also create parks for everyone to visit.

📝 Teacher's Note: Contrast this with Gram Panchayats which build small village lanes; Zila Parishads focus on larger infrastructure that serves many villages.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on "large scale" projects like bridges or district roads to show the higher level of the Zila Parishad.

Question 38. Mention any two Supervisor functions of a Zila Parishad.
Answer: Two Supervisory-functions of a Zila Parishad are:
1. The Zila Parishad supervises the activities of a Panchayat Samitis and Gram Panchayats.
2. It co-ordinates the development plans prepared by the Panchayat Samitis in the District.
In simple words: They guide the work of the smaller councils and make sure all the different local plans fit together into one big plan for the whole district.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain "Co-ordination" as making sure two different blocks don't build two roads that don't meet up, but instead work together on a single project.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the word "co-ordinates" as it specifically describes the primary role of the district-level body.

Question 39. Give two sources of income of a Zila Parishad.
Answer: Two sources of income of a Zila Parishad are:
1. Share in the Land-Revenue.
2. Taxes and cesses, licence fees and market fees.
In simple words: They get a portion of the land tax collected by the government and also earn money from selling business licenses and charging market fees.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain "Land-Revenue" as the tax property owners pay to the state, a part of which is given back to the local district council.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Land Revenue share" is a very specific and correct point for Zila Parishad income.

Long Answer Questions.

Question 1. With reference to Municipal Corporation, answer the following questions:
(a) State its composition.
(b) State the functions of the Mayor.
(c) State the functions of the Corporation.
Answer:
(a) A Municipal Corporation comprises the following.
1. General Council formed of elected members known as Municipal Councillors.
2. The Mayor: It is elected by councillors and the Aldermen.
3. The Standing Committee: includes members of general council through elections.
4. The Municipal Commissioner: It is appointed by the Governor usually for \( 5 \) years.
(b) The main functions of the Mayor of a Corporation are as follows:
1. To preside over the meetings of the Corporation and to regulate the conduct of business in such meetings.
2. To maintain decorum and discipline in the meetings.
3. To act as the channel of communication between the Corporation and the State or the Union Government, as the case may be.
4. To receive the foreign dignitaries visiting the city.The Mayor has access to all papers and records of the Corporation. Despite these powers, the Mayor is merely a figurehead if he is not elected directly by the people. Only a directly elected Mayor would have real power.
(c) The municipal Corporation deals with two types of functions, e.g.
1. Compulsory Functions: Provision of electricity, water sewage disposal etc, Public health, transport, education, births and deaths records, managing the disasters e.g. floods, earthquakes etc.
2. Optional Functions: Public housing, Public parks, museums, libraries, children homes, orphanages, old age homes, rest houses, fairs and beautification of the city.
In simple words: A Corporation is made of a council, a Mayor, and a Commissioner. The Mayor leads meetings and receives guests. The Corporation itself must provide water and schools, but can choose to build parks and museums.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain "Standing Committees" as small groups of councillors who specialize in one thing, like money or health, to get work done faster.

🎯 Exam Tip: For part (c), separate the functions into "Compulsory" and "Optional" headers to make the answer highly structured and readable.

Question 2. Give the role of each of the following in the Municipal Corporation,
(a) General Council of the Corporation
(b) Standing Committees.
(c) Municipal Commissioner.
Answer:
(a) General Council:
The General Council consists of the Members elected by all the adult citizens registered as voters in the Municipal area. They are called as Councillors. Size of the Council depends on the population of the city. Seats would be reserved for SCs and STs in proportional to their population, and 1/3rd of the total number of seats shall be reserved for women. In addition to the elected members, the Council has a few Aldermen. They are usually elected by the Councillors. The General Council appoints many other officials except the municipal commissioner. It deals with various departments of Education, Health, Taxation etc.

(b) The role of the Standing Committees:
The General Council performs different functions through the Standing Committees. These Committees deal with one or more of the subject like—Taxation, Finance and Preparation of Budget, Engineering, Health, Education Services, Plan for Economic Development. Welfare Schemes for Weaker Sections etc.

(c) Municipal Commissioner:
Following are the functions performed by the Municipal Commissioner:
1. The Municipal Commissioner gives necessary directions to all other officers of the Corporation.
2. He is responsible for the implementation of all rules, decisions and policies of the Corporation.
3. He takes part in the meeting and deliberations of the General Council. He acts as Secretary to the Council and maintains a record of the things decided at its meeting.
4. He prepares the budget-estimates and places the same before the General Council.
5. He is the custodian of all records and personal files of all staff members.
In simple words: The General Council is the big group of elected leaders who make decisions. Standing Committees are smaller groups that focus on specific tasks like money or health. The Municipal Commissioner is the top official who makes sure all the city's rules and plans are actually carried out.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain the difference between 'deliberative' (deciding) and 'executive' (doing). The Council decides, and the Commissioner executes those decisions with the help of the staff.

🎯 Exam Tip: Focus on the "1/3rd reservation for women" and the "5-year term" as these are specific constitutional requirements that examiners often test.

Question 3. With regard to the working of a Municipal Corporation answer the following questions.
(a) Giving examples, state how are compulsory functions distinguished from optional functions.
(b) What organisational system exists for carrying out these functions ?
Answer:
(a) From the following we can better understand the difference between the compulsory functions and optional functions.
Compulsory Functions:
Public Health and Sanitation:
1. It undertakes the responsibility of maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning public lanes and preventing the sale of rotten food-stuffs and adulterated milk etc.
2. Electricity and Water Supply: It provides safe drinking- water and electricity for domestic and commercial use.
3. Education and Sports: The Municipalities establish primary and secondary schools. They also provide facilities to young boys and girls to develop their aptitude for sports.
4. Public Works: The public works mainly include the construction of roads, shopping centers and community halls.
5. Registration of Births and Deaths: The Municipals Boards maintain an account of births and deaths in the city.

Optional Functions:
1. Transport Facilities: Local authorities may manage a bus service for carrying people from one place to another.
2. Cultural Activities: The Municipal Corporations may establish libraries and museums. Cultural activities like— drama, music and painting are also encouraged by Municipal Corporations.
3. Sports and Recreation: The Corporation organises fairs, exhibitions and wrestling events. Recreational facilities may also be provide.
4. Welfare Services: Municipal Corporation are expected to launch family welfare schemes and to undertake poverty alleviation programmers. The Corporation can look after public distribution system too.

(b) For carrying out the above functions an organisation system that exists is known as Municipal Corporation. Which comprises of the following bodies.
1. General Council
2. The Mayor
3. The Standing Committee
4. A Municipal Commissioner.
In simple words: Compulsory functions are things the city "must" do for everyone, like providing clean water. Optional functions are "extra" things that make the city nicer, like building museums or running a bus service. The city has a system of councils and managers to get all these jobs done.

📝 Teacher's Note: Use the "needs vs. wants" analogy to help students remember the difference. Everyone needs health services (compulsory), but they might just want a local library (optional).

🎯 Exam Tip: Always categorize the functions under clear headings like "Compulsory" and "Optional" to show you understand the legal distinction between the two.

Question 4. With regards to the municipal corporation
(a) Distinguish between Municipal Corporation and Municipal Committee.
(b) Describe the three wings of the Municipal Committee.
Answer:
(a)
Municipal Corporation
1. It is for cities with more than 10 lakh population.
2. The head is Mayor.
3. It deals with the State Government directly.
4. It has more powers and more sources of revenue.

Municipal Committee
1. It is for 20,000-3 lakh population cities.
2. The head is Chairperson.
3. It deals with state government through the District Administration.
It has comparatively less powers and fewer sources of revenue.

(b) Three wing are:
1. General body of the Municipal Committee: The members of the General Body of the Municipal Committee are called Councillors. They are elected from Municipal wards. The number of members depends on the population of the city.
2. Chairperson/President: A Chairperson and a ViceChairperson are elected indirectly by the members from among themselves. The Chairperson of a Municipality enjoys vast powers. His functions are similar to those of the Mayor.
3. Chief Executive officer: The Chief-Executive Officer is an appointee of the State government and usually belongs to the State Civil Services. He looks after the administrative wing of the municipal community. General body is the main administrative body. Chairperson looks after every activity and programmer and the Chief Executive Officer looks after the administrative wing of the Municipal Committee.
In simple words: A Municipal Corporation is for huge cities and is more powerful, while a Municipal Committee is for smaller towns. Both have a group of elected leaders, a main head (like a President), and an office manager sent by the government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Emphasize that the size of the population is the primary reason for choosing between a Corporation and a Committee. Bigger populations need more complex management structures.

🎯 Exam Tip: The population difference (10 lakh vs. 20,000 to 3 lakh) is a crucial fact that marks the main difference between these two bodies.

Question 5. Give a brief account of each of the following local self government bodies.
(a) Town Area Committee.
(b) Notified Area Committee.
(c) Cantonment Board.
Answer:
(a) Town Area Committee: It is set up in towns with population between 10,000 to 20,000 .It looks after sanitation, water, electricity, health services, transport, shopping markets etc.

(b) Notified Area Committee: It is set up in areas in transition from rural to urban areas. The functions are similar to town area committee.

(c) Cantonment Board: It is an urban area at the out skirt of a large city, with military establishment has a Cantonment Board. It is significant for the safety and welfare of the city. The head is an Army officer. It looks after health, cleanliness, electricity recreation for the residents of the area.
In simple words: These are different types of local councils for different places: one for small towns, one for places changing from villages to towns, and one for areas where the military lives.

📝 Teacher's Note: Explain 'Transition' as a phase where a village is growing into a town but isn't quite a city yet. Notified Area Committees are temporary until the area is officially declared a town.

🎯 Exam Tip: Remember that a Cantonment Board is unique because its head is an Army officer and it is controlled by the Union Ministry of Defense.

Question 6. With regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality, answer the following questions:
(a) What are the functions of a Municipal Committee?
(b) What are the sources of income of a Municipality?
Answer:
The above questions with regard to the functions and sources of income of a Municipality are answered as below:
(a) The functions of a Municipal Committee:
Obligatory Functions:
1. Public Health and Sanitation: It undertakes the responsibility of maintaining hospitals and dispensaries, cleaning public lanes and preventing the sale of rotten food-stuffs and adulterated milk etc.
2. Electricity and Water Supply: It provides safe drinking-water and electricity for domestic and commercial use.
3. Education and Sports: The Municipalities establish primary and secondary schools. They also provide facilities to young boys and girls to develop their aptitude for sports.
4. Public Works: The public works mainly include the construction of roads, shopping centres and community halls.
5. Registration of Births and Deaths: The Municipals Boards maintain an account of births and deaths in the city.

Discretionary Functions:
Municipalities establish libraries and reading rooms, constructing stadiums for sport activity, organizing fairs and exhibitions, providing, transport facilities and other amenities for peoples, convenience. Under Nehru Rozgar Yojana, financial assistance was given to small artisans for self employment. There was also a provision for housing and slum clearance programmers.

(b) The sources of income of a Municipality are:
1. Income from Taxes: It includes tax on property, tax on vehicles, tax on advertisements and entertainment tax.
2. Casses Rates: The citizens are required to pay cess on consumption water and electricity and licence fees for various vocations. Other such cesses are octroi duty and toll tax.
3. Grants-in-Aid: Grants from State Government constitute an important source of funding.
4. Remunerative Enterprises: The Municipal Committee may set up commercial complexes or establish other remunerative enterprises.
In simple words: The committee has essential jobs like cleaning and health, plus "extra" ones like libraries. They pay for this by collecting taxes from homes and cars, charging for water/power, and getting money from the state government.

📝 Teacher's Note: Help students understand that 'Cess' or 'Rates' are like usage fees—you pay for what you use, whereas general 'Taxes' are used for the whole town's benefit.

🎯 Exam Tip: "Grants-in-aid" is a keyword. Examiners look for it to see if you know that local bodies rely on the state government for a large part of their money.

Question 7. There are many defects in the working of local self government institutions. Analyse them under the following headlines:
(a) Role of Money in Elections
(b) Paucity of funds.
Answer:
Following are the defects regarding the concerned headlines in the working of local self-government institutions:
(a) Role of Money in Elections: In the heat of the election- campaign, the rich farmers and traders squander a lot of money, usually in a wasteful way. This tendency gives a severe set-back blow to the electoral prospects of the capable candidates who are not in a position to spend much on elections.

(b) Paucity of Funds: The most serious confronting the rural and the urban bodies is the shortage of funds. These institutions have been entrusted with the responsibility of preparing plans for economic and social development, rural electrification, poverty alleviation slum improvement and urban forestry. To undertake such onerous tasks, the local bodies are yet to start functioning with independence and sufficient resources. Panchayats and urban bodies can become responsive to the local needs through effective participation of the people and sufficient funds at their command.
In simple words: Two big problems are: rich people using too much money to win elections, and local governments not having enough money to fix everything that is broken or needed in a city.

📝 Teacher's Note: Discuss the concept of 'fair play' in elections. If only rich people can afford to run for office, the needs of the poor might never be addressed by the leaders.

🎯 Exam Tip: Use the term "Paucity" as it specifically means "shortage" or "scarcity" in a formal context, which shows good vocabulary in your answer.