CBSE Class 11 English Note Making and Summarization Worksheet Set 01

Read the following passage carefully.

(1) Research has shown that the human mind can process words at the rate of about 500 words per minute, whereas a speaker speaks at the rate of about 150 words a minute. The difference between the two at 350 words is quite large.
(2) A speaker must make every effort to retain the attention of the audience. The listener should also be careful not to let his mind wander. Good communication calls for good listening skills. A good speaker must necessarily be a good listener.
(3) Listening starts with hearing but goes beyond. Hearing, in other words, is necessary but is not a sufficient condition for listening. Listening involves hearing with attention. Listening is a process that calls for concentration. While listening, one should also be observant. In other words, listening has to do with the ears, as well as with the eyes and the mind. Listening is to be understood as the total process that involves hearing with attention, being observant and making interpretations. Good communication is essentially an interactive process. It calls for participation and involvement. It is quite often a dialogue rather than a monologue. It is necessary to be interested and also show or make it abundantly clear that one is interested in knowing what the other person has to say.
(4) Good listening is an art that can be cultivated. It relates to skills that can be developed. A good listener knows the art of getting much more than what the speaker is trying to convey. He knows how to prompt, persuade but not to cut off or interrupt what the other person has to say. At times the speaker may or may not be coherent, articulate and well-organized in his thoughts and expressions. He may have it in his mind and yet he may fail to marshal the right words while communicating his thoughts. Nevertheless, a good listener puts him at ease, helps him articulate and facilitates him to get across the message that he wants to convey. For listening to be effective, it is also necessary that barriers to listening are removed. Such barriers can be both physical and psychological. Physical barriers generally relate to hindrance to proper hearing whereas psychological barriers are more fundamental and relate to the interpretation and evaluation of the speaker and the message.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

BEING A GOOD LISTENER

• 1. Speed of speech and hearing
  • human mind processes at 500 wpm.
  • speech is at 150 wpm.
  • diff. 350 wpm.
  • a good speaker keeps the audience attentive.
  • be a good cmnctr and listener.
• 2. A good listener
  • should hear with concentration
  • should be attentive
  • should observe
  • should interpret
• 3. A good cmnctn
  • is an interactive process
  •  must have dialogues not monologues
  • needs participation & involvement
  • should show interest in what the other person is saying
• 4. Listening skill
  • an art that can be dvlpd
  • know how to prmt or persuade
  •  should not cut off or interrupt what the other person is saying
  • should put the speaker at ease
• 5. Barriers to listening
  • physcl barrier
    •  hindrance to proper hearing
  • psychol. barrier
    •  interpretation & evaluation of the speaker & the msg

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• wpm = words per minute
• diff. = difference
• cmnctr = communicator
• cmnctn = communication
• & = and
• dvlpd = developed
• physcl = physical
• psychol. = psychological
• msg = message
• prmt = prompt

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: The human mind can process words at the rate of about 500 words per minute but is only able to speak at 150 words per minute. The difference between the two is 350 words, which is quite large. So, a speaker must keep his audience engaged and make efforts to retain their attention. A good speaker must be a good listener as well. A good listener must hear with concentration, be attentive, observe and interpret what the speaker says. Communication between a listener and a speaker is an interactive process. The participation and involvement from both the ends are essential. The interaction should be in the format of a dialogue rather than a monologue. Apart from that, it is also necessary to remove the barriers that come in between the task of listening which could be both physical as well as psychological. Any hindrance caused to proper hearing is due to physical barriers and any hindrance related to interpretation and evaluation is due to psychological barriers.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) In life, you’ll always come across situations where there will be someone else who’s better than you, especially there is no one quality or standard that people can be judged on. There will always be someone who looks better, has more money or is more intelligent than you. How you choose to approach these situations, of course, depends on the perspective you take. People in themselves aren’t intimidating, it’s the opinions you form about them that make you feel so. Rather than judging people on a single attribute and getting intimidated, be comfortable with who you are and approach other people as complete individuals rather than a bundle of good or bad attributes.
(2) The key to not letting others intimidate you is to know your own worth. Don’t let your sense of ‘if’ be defined by what others think of you or how you compare yourself to them. Know what you are, and be comfortable in your skin. Instead of feeling threatened and letting your ego get in the way, you could benefit a great deal by being around people who might be better than you in some ways. Respect others for what they are and use these opportunities to learn from the strengths and virtues of others.
(3) Don’t get bogged down by what you don’t have or can’t do. We all have limitations. Learn to accept them and focus on your strengths. A lot of times, we come under pressure from people we believe to be more popular and influential than us, in a bid to fit in with them. However, at times like these, it’s important for you to stay true to yourself and say ‘no’ when you’re expected to do something that makes you uncomfortable.
(4) Your first response to an intimidating person or situation would probably be to avoid them altogether. However, avoidance only goes on to increase your anxiety. Confront these situations head on, with more and more practice, you’ll start finding these situations easier to deal with. Always keep in mind that everybody has flaws and everyone has his/her own share of struggles, even if you aren’t able to spot them. Our self-esteem gets lowered when we focus too much on our weaknesses and neglect what we get right. Change this pattern and start giving yourself credit for your strengths and successes.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

LIFE – A PERSPECTIVE

• 1. Situations you may across in life
  • there will be sm1 else who’s better than you
  • there will be sm1 who looks better
  • there will be sm1 who has more money
  • there will be sm1 who is more intlgnt
• 2. How to tackle these situations?
  • dpnds on your prspctve
  • be cmfrtbl with who you are
  •  approach people as cmplt individual
  • don’t compare yrslf with others
  • don’t feel threatened
  • respect others for what they are
  • learn from the strengths and virtues of others
• 3. How to cope with our limitations?
  • learn to accept them
  • focus on strengths
  • stay true to yrslf
  • say ‘no’ to things that make you uncmfrtbl
• 4. Ways to overcome
  • cnfrnt heads on
  • keep in mind that everybody has flaws
  • don’t let your self-esteem get lowered
  • don’t focus too much on our weaknesses
  • start giving yrslf credit

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• sm1 = someone
• intlgnt = intelligent
• dpnds = depends
• prspctve = perspective
• cmfrtbl = comfortable
• cmplt = complete
• instd = instead
• uncmfrtbl = uncomfortable
• cnfrnt = confront
• yrslf = yourself

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: We may come across various situations in life. In every situation, we should have a right approach which totally depends on our perspective. A right perspective towards life and people makes living better. There is no set quality or standard to judge people. You have to be completely comfortable with yourself and approach people as complete individuals. Every human being is different, so we should respect them for what they are. We must learn to be comfortable with what we have. For that, one should first know one’s worth, sense of self and one’s comfort zone. Learning to be fearless and keeping one’s ego away will help a lot. One must avail the opportunities present around and should learn to accept their strengths and limitations, and start giving credit to oneself.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) Artificial intelligence (AI) is making a difference to how legal work is done, but it isn’t the threat it is made out to be. AI is making impressive progress and shaking up things all over the world today. The assumption that advancements in technology and artificial intelligence will render any profession defunct is a false one. The only purpose this assumption serves is creating mass panic and hostility towards embracing technology that is meant to make our lives easier.
(2) Let us understand what this means explicitly for the legal world. The ambit of AI includes recognizing human speech and objects, making decisions based on data, and translating languages. Tasks that can be defined as ‘search-and-find’ type can be performed by AI. Introducing AI to this profession will primarily be for the purpose of automating mundane, tedious tasks that require negligible human intelligence. The kind of artificial intelligence that is employed by industries in the current scene, when extended to the law will enable quicker services at a lower price. AI is meant to automate a number of tasks that take up precious working hours lawyers could be devoting to tasks that require discerning, empathy, and trust– qualities that cannot be replicated by even the most sophisticated form of AI. The legal profession is one of the oldest professions in the world. Thriving over 1000 years, trust, judgement, and diligence are the pillars of this profession. The most important pillar is the relationship of trust between a lawyer and clients, which can only be achieved through human connection and interaction.
(3) While artificial intelligence can be useful in scanning and organizing documents pertaining to a case, it cannot perform higher-level tasks such as sharp decision-making, relationship-building with valuable clients and writing legal briefs, advising clients, and appearing in court. These are over and above the realm of computerization.
(4) AI software that operates on natural language enables electronic discovery of information relevant to a case, contract reviews, and automation generation of legal documents. AI utilizes big-data analytics which enables visualization of case data. It also allows for creation of a map of the cases which were cited in previous cases and their resulting verdicts, as per the website towards Data Science. The probability of a positive outcome of a case can be predicted by leveraging predictive analytics with machine learning. This is advantageous to firms as they can determine the return on investment in litigation and whether an agreement or arbitration should be considered.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

LAW AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• 1. AI in a legal profession
  • no form of threat
  • simplifies clerical work
  • does not make any prfsn defunct
• 2. AI as an aid in the legal world
  • recogn. human speech & objects
  • decisions based on data
  • langs. translated
  • does ‘search & fine’
  • automates mundane tasks
• 3. Limitations of AI
  • writing legal briefs
  • advising clients
  • appearing in courts
  • making decisions
• 4. Functions of AI
  • collates relevant data
  • automates generation of legal doc.
  • map of cases, verdicts
  • probability of outcomes
  • tells return on investment in litigation

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• prfsn = profession
• recogn. = recognise
• & = and
• langs. = languages
• doc. = documents

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: Artificial Intelligence (AI) makes a difference in the legal world. AI is incapable of performing high-level tasks like writing legal briefs, advising clients, making sharp decisions and appearing in courts. Law is based on understanding speech and AI helps in collection of data and translation of languages. It can collate and visualise data, by mapping similar cases and their verdicts. It helps in determining the return on investment in litigation and choose between agreement or arbitration to solve a case.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) Colour therapy is a complementary therapy for which there is evidence dating back thousands of years to the ancient cultures of Egypt, China and India. If we define it in simple terms, colour is a light of varying wavelengths, thus each colour has its own particular wavelength and energy.
(2) Colours contribute to energy. This energy may be motivational and encouraging. Each of the seven colours of the spectrum are associated with energy. The energy relating to each of the seven spectrum colours of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, resonates with the energy of each of the seven main chakras/energy centres of the body. Colour therapy can help to re-balance and/or stimulate these energies by applying the appropriate colour to the body.
(3) Red relates to the base chakra, orange the sacral chakra, yellow the solar plexus chakra, green the heart chakra, blue the throat chakra, indigo the brow chakra (sometimes referred to as the third eye) and violet relates to the crown chakra.
(4) Colour is absorbed by the eyes, skin, skull, our ‘magnetic energy field’ or aura, and the energy of colour affects us on all levels, that is to say, physical, spiritual and emotional. Every cell in the body needs light energy, thus colour energy has widespread effects on the whole body. There are many different ways of giving colour, including: solarised water, light boxes/lamps with colour filters, colour silks and hands on healing using colour.
(5) Colour therapy can be shown to help on a physical level, which is perhaps easier to quantify, however there are deeper issues around the colours on the psychological and spiritual levels. Our well-being is not, of course, purely a physical issue. Fortunately, many more practitioners, both orthodox and complementary, are now treating patients in a holistic manner.
(6) Colour therapy is a totally holistic and non-invasive therapy and, really, colour should be a part of our everyday life, not just something we experience for an hour or two with a therapist. Colour is all around us everywhere. This wonderful planet does not contain all the beautiful colours of the rainbow for no reason. Nothing on this earth is here just by chance; everything in nature is here for a purpose. Colour is no exception. All we need to do is to heighten our awareness of the energy of colour, absorb it and see how it can transform our lives.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

THE HOLISTIC COLOUR THERAPY

• 1. Age old therapy
  • Found in
    • Egypt
    • China
    • 1India light of vary’ng wavelength
• 2. Colour related to energy of chakras
  • red - base
  • orange - sacral
  • yellow - solar plexus
  • green - heart
  • blue - throat
  • indigo - brow
  • violet - crown
• 3. Holistic benefits
  • phy’l
  • spirit’l
  • emtnl

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• vary’ng = varying
• phy’l - physical
• spirit’l = spiritual
• emtnl = emotional

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: Colour therapy is a complementary therapy practised in the cultures of Egypt, China and India, thousands of years ago. Each colour has its own wavelength and energy which is associated with the chakras. Red is for base chakra, orange for sacral, yellow for solar plexus, green for heart, blue for throat, indigo for brow and violet for crown. Practitioners use it for physical, spiritual and emotional well-being. Colours are everywhere, we need to absorb its energy and transform our lives.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) The epidemic of heart attacks has been attaining alarming proportion in recent times causing grave concern especially to the medical fraternity.
(2) To contain and control the increasing death and disability from heart attacks and to focus on public awareness and their involvement at global level, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Heart Federation observed September 29th as the World Heart Day.
(3) What causes heart attacks? Few factors are: lack of physical exercise, wrong eating habits, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and stressful lifestyle.
(4) The importance of physical exercise in minimising the incidence of heart attacks cannot be underestimated. Doctors say that physical exercise plays a major role in achieving a long and healthy life in general and prevention of heart attacks in particular. There are several studies showing that physically active people have higher longevity than those sedentary or physically inactive.
(5) In fact, the review of modern medical literature sums up the role of physical activity in health as ‘regular physical exercise adds not only years to life but also life to years’. It is the experience of many modern-day physicians that some patients with angina (chest pain or discomfort on physical or mental exertion or after meals) do get relief with regularly done physical exercise.
(6) What type of physical exercise and how much, one may ask. It is the isotonic (dynamic) exercise that is beneficial for the heart and not the isometric (static) exercise, which should be avoided by heart patients. Weightlifting, carrying heavy suitcases while travelling, pushing a car, etc. are some of the examples of isometric exercises. Examples of the beneficial type of physical activity (dynamic exercise) are brisk walking, swimming, golf without power carts, badminton and tennis.
(7) Walking in the early mornings is the best mode of doing regular physical exercise which requires no equipment, money, material or membership of a club! 30 to 60 minutes brisk walk even on alternate days has been proven to be beneficial. Stationary cycling or walking on a treadmill at home are the other alternatives.
(8) “Before starting any physical exercise programmes for the first time, one must get fully evaluated by a cardiologist so as to avoid any harm being done by exercise, if there is serious underlying heart disease needing treatment,” warns cardiologist Dr Wasir.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

INCREASE IN HEART ATTACKS AT ALARMING RATE

• 1. World Heart Day
  • 1.1. observed on 29th Sept.
  • 1.2. observed by WHO & World Heart Federation
• 2. Causes of heart atck by Dr Wasir
  • 2.1. lack of phy’l exercise
  • 2.2. wrong eating habits
  • 2.3. cig. smoking
  • 2.4. excessive alchohol consumption
  • 2.5. stressful lifestyle
• 3. Exercises for good hlth
  • 3.1. brisk walking
  • 3.2. swimming
  • 3.3. golf without power carts
  • 3.4. badminton & tennis
• 4. Precautions
  • 4.1. avoid overcrowded lift
  • 4.2. avoid jogging on heavy traffic roads
  • 4.3. consult physn. before any phy’l exercise prog.

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• Sept. = September
• & = and
• atck = attack
• phy’l = physical
• cig. = cigarette
• hlth = health
• physn. = physician
• prog. = programmes

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: Heart attacks are increasing at an alarming rate. WHO and World Heart Federation has observed 24th September as the World Heart Day. Lack of physical exercise is one of the major causes of heart attacks. Static exercises should be avoided whereas dynamic exercises like brisk walking, swimming etc., should be taken up. Best time for brisk walking and jogging is early in the morning when there is no traffic. Last but not the least, Dr Wasir warns that before starting any physical exercise programme, a Cardiologist must be consulted so that there is no harm in taking any kind of exercise.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who choose the shows that they watch, carefully. Television can increase our knowledge of the outside world; there are high quality programmes that help us understand many fields of study – science, medicine, the different arts and so on. Moreover, television benefits very old people, who can’t often leave the house, as well as patients in hospitals. It also offers non-native speakers the advantage of daily informal language practice. They can increase their vocabulary and practise listening.
(2) On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages of television. Of course, it provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some countries, people watch television for an average of six hours or more a day. Many children stare at the TV screen for more hours a day than they spend on anything else, including studying and sleeping. It’s clear that TV has a powerful influence on their lives and that its influence is often negative.
(3) Recent studies show that after only thirty seconds of television viewing, a person’s brain ‘relaxes’ the same way that it does just before the person falls asleep. Another effect of television on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor concentration. Children who view a lot of television can often concentrate on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes. They can pay attention only for the amount of time between commercials.
(4) Another disadvantage is that television often causes people to become dissatisfied with their own lives. Real life does not seem so exciting to these people. To many people, television becomes more real than reality and their own lives seem boring. Also, many people get upset or depressed when they can’t solve problems in real life as quickly as television actors seem to.
(5) Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on the TV. He or she begins to believe that there is nothing strange about fights, killings and other kinds of violence. Many studies show that people become more violent after viewing certain programmes. They may even do the things that they see in a violent show.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

TELEVISION – A BOON OR A BANE?

• 1. Advantages of TV
  • 1.1. increases knowledge of the outside world
  • 1.2. helps understand many fields of study
    • 1.2.1 science
    • 1.2.2 medicine
    • 1.2.3 arts
  • 1.3. recreation for old ppl. & patients
  • 1.4. offers daily informal language practice
  • 1.5. increases vocab.
  • 1.6. provides plsnt way to relax
• 2. Disadvantages of TV
  • 2.1. ppl. watch TV for 6 hrs or more
  • 2.2. children stare at TV screen for hrs
  • 2.3. negative influence
  • 2.4. affects human brain & concentration power
• 3. Life of the viewer
  • 3.1. Adults
    • reel life seems more exciting
    • real life not satisfactory
    • leads to depression
    • can’t solve problems in real life
  • 3.2. Children
    • can only concentrate for fifteen to twenty min.
    • seem to become violent
    • killing seems normal to them

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• TV = television
• ppl. = people
• & = and
• vocab. = vocabulary
• plsnt = pleasant
• hrs = hours
• min. = minutes

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: Television programmes increase knowledge of the outside world, science, medicine and the different arts. It is also a medium of recreation for old people and patients. Several programmes assist in informal language practice, improve vocabulary and help to practise listening. However, watching too much television has a negative influence on people of all ages. It affects the human brain and leads to poor concentration. Difference in reel and real life makes people upset and depressed of their own life. Children watching violent television programmes, start considering violence of any kind normal which later on in life can be quite dangerous. They may also imitate what they watch in a violent show.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) Well-being is not just the absence of disease or illness. It is a complex combination of a person’s physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. Well-being is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfaction. In short, it could be described as how one feels about oneself and one’s life. Every aspect of one’s life influences the state of one’s well-being. Researchers investigating happiness have found the following factors which enhance a person’s well-being: network of close friends, enjoyable and fulfilling career, enough money, regular exercise, nutritious diet, sufficient sleep, fun hobbies and leisure pursuits, healthy self-esteem, optimistic outlook and so on.
(2) The factors that influence one’s well-being are interrelated. For example, a job provides not just money but purpose, goals, friendships and a sense of belonging. Some factors also make up for the lack of others; for example, a good marriage can compensate for a lack of friendship, while religious beliefs may help a person to accept physical illness. Money is linked to well-being, because having enough money improves living conditions and increases social status. But various international studies have shown that it is the quality of our personal relationships, not the size of our bank balance, which has the greatest effect on our state of well-being. Believing that money is the key to happiness can also harm a person’s well-being.
(3) Understanding the well-being of the population is very important. Measuring well-being, however, in a population is difficult because the interpretation of well-being is so subjective — how one feels about peoples’ lives largely depends on the way one sees it. Like the saying goes: ‘one person’s problem is another person’s challenge.’
(4) Keeping track of a population’s well-being helps governments to decide on particular policies. It also acts as an indicator for various population trends. For example, knowing the average weekly income of a population helps to set the ‘poverty line’, which may then influence decisions on social welfare reforms. Well-being can be achieved through a variety of means. Some are as follows: developing and maintaining strong relationships with family and friends, making regular time available for social contact, trying to find work that is enjoyable and rewarding rather than just working for the best pay, eating healthy, nutritious foods, doing regular physical activity, involving oneself in activities that interest people, joining in local organisations or clubs that are appealing, setting achievable goals and working towards them and trying to be optimistic and enjoying each day.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

MAN AND HIS WELL-BEING

• 1. What is WB?
  • 1.1 absence of disease or illness
  • 1.2. complex comb. of phy’l, emot’l, men’l, & soc’l health factors
  • 1.3. happiness & life satisfaction
• 2. Factors enhnc’g WB
  • 2.1 network of close frnds
  • 2.2. enjy’g & fulfil’g career
  • 2.3. regular exercise
  • 2.4. nutritious diet
  • 2.5. sufficient sleep
  • 2.6. fun hobbies
  • 2.7. healthy self-esteem
  • 2.8. optimistic outlook
• 3. Contribution of the govt.
  • 3.1. keeps track of population’s WB
  • 3.2. set the poverty line
  • 3.3. decides on soc’l welfare reforms
• 4. WB is achieved by
  • 4.1. strong family & soc’l relationship
  • 4.2. finding enjoyable, rewarding work
  • 4.3. involving in interesting activities
  • 4.4. leading a healthy lifestyle

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• WB = well-being
• comb. = combination
• phy’l = physical
• emot’l = emotional
• soc’l = social
• & = and
• enhnc’g = enhancing
• enjy’g = enjoying
• fulfil’g = fulfiling
• men’l = mental
• govt. = government

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: The essence of ‘well-being’ is not just the absence of disease and illness, but the presence of a combination of physical, emotional and mental health factors. Well-being is strongly linked to happiness and satisfaction. Life’s influences, activities, friends, lifestyle, hobbies and the society work together to ensure our well-being. The government also helps to improve the status of the society. Well-being is achievable if one is optimistic, well-employed, maintains a good social and family life, and leads life in a healthy manner.

 

Question. Read the following passage carefully.
(1) Keeping cities clean is essential for keeping their residents healthy. Our health depends not just on personal hygiene and nutrition, but critically also on how clean we keep our cities and our surroundings. The spread of dengue and chikungunya are intimately linked to the deteriorating state of public health conditions in our cities.
(2) The good news is that waste management to keep cities clean is now getting attention through the Swachh Bharat Mission. However, much of the attention begins and stops with the brooms and the dustbins, extending at most to the collection and transportation of the mixed waste to some distant or not so distant place, preferably out of sight.
(3) The challenge of processing and treating the different streams of solid waste, and safe disposal of the residuals in scientific landfills, has received much less attention in municipal solid waste management than is expected from a health point of view.
(4) One of the problems is that instead of focusing on waste management for health, we have got side tracked into ‘‘waste for energy’’. If only we were to begin by not mixing the biodegradable component of solid waste (close to 60 percent of the total) in our cities with the dry waste, and instead use this stream of waste for composting and producing a gas called methane.
(5) City compost from biodegradable waste provides an alternative to farmyard manure (like cow-dung). It provides an opportunity to simultaneously clean up our cities and help improve agricultural productivity and quality of the soil. Organic manure or compost plays a very important role as a supplement to chemical fertilisers in enriching the nutrient-deficient soils. City compost can be the new player in the field.
(6) Benefits of compost on the farm are well-known. The water holding capacity of the soil which uses compost helps with drought-proofing, and the requirement of less water per crop is a welcome feature for a water-stressed future. By making the soil porous, use of compost also makes the roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay. Farmers using compost, therefore, need less quantity of pesticides. There is also evidence to suggest that horticulture crops grown with compost have better flavour, size, colour and shelf-life.
(7) City compost has the additional advantage of being weed-free unlike farmyard manure which brings with it the seeds of undigested grasses and requires a substantial additional labour cost for weeding as the crops grow. City compost is also rich in organic carbon, and our soils are short in this.
(8) Farmers clearly recognize the value of city compost. If city waste was composted before making it available to the farmers for applying to the soil, cities would be cleaned up and the fields around them would be much more productive.
(9) Quite apart from cleaning up the cities of biodegradable waste, this would be a major and sustainable contribution to improving the health of our soil without further damage by excessive chemical inputs. What a marvellous change from waste to health!
(10) The good news is that some states are regularly laying plastic roads. Plastic roads will not only withstand future monsoon damage but will also solve a city’s problem of disposing of non-recyclable plastic. It is clear that if the mountains of waste from our cities were to be recycled into road construction material, it would tackle the problem of managing waste while freeing up the scarce land.

 

Question. Based on your reading of the above passage, make notes on it, using headings and sub-headings. Use recognisable abbreviations, wherever necessary. Also, provide a suitable title to it.
Answer:

WASTE MANAGEMENT

• 1. Reasons for keeping cities clean
  • 1.1. keeps surroundings clean
  • 1.2. prevents the spread of dengue & chikungunya
  • 1.3. promotes overall hlth
• 2. Swachh Bharat Mission
  • 2.1. lmtd to transportation of waste to unseen places
  • 2.2. processing, treatment of waste required
• 3. Waste mgmt prblms
  • 3.1. safe disposal of residuals in scientific landfills
  • 3.2. no focus on waste mgmt for hlth
  • 3.3. biodegradable being mixed with solid waste
  • 3.4. sidetracked into ‘waste for energy’
• 4. Adv. of city compost
  • 4.1. provides alt. to farmyard manure
  • 4.2. keeps the city clean
  • 4.3. improves agricultural productivity
  • 4.4. better quality of soil
  • 4.5. suppl. chmcl fertilisers
  • 4.6. enriches nutrient deficient soils
  • 4.7. free of weed & rich in organic carbon
• 5. Benefits of compost on farm
  • 5.1. helps drought proofing
  • 5.2. less water required per crop
  • 5.3 makes soil porous & roots stronger
  • 5.4. use of less pesticides
    • better flavour
    • colour
    • shelf-life
• 6. Adv. of plastic roads
  • 6.1. withstands monsoon damage
  • 6.2. solves the prblm of disposing non-recyclable plastic
  • 6.3. better waste mgmt
  • 6.4. frees up scarce land

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS

• hlth = health
• & = and
• prblm(s) = problem(s)
• lmtd = limited
• mgmt = management
• adv. = advantage
• alt. = alternative
• suppl. = supplement
• chmcl= chemical

 

Question. Write a summary of the notes prepared, in not more than 50 words.
Answer: Cleanliness in cities keeps residents healthy and prevents the spread of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya. Swachh Bharat Mission instituted by the government is beset by a lot of challenges. City compost from biodegradable waste has a lot of advantages. It improves agricultural productivity, is weed-free and enriches nutrient-deficient soils as it is rich in organic carbon. Using compost on farms is highly beneficial. Use of such compost in soil enhances the water holding capacity and thus, there is less requirement of water per crop. It makes the soil porous and the roots stronger and resistant to pests and decay. With plastic roads, there is less monsoon damage and simultaneously solves the city’s problem of disposing non-recyclable plastic. It also tackles the problem of managing waste while freeing up scarce land.

 

 

NOTE MAKING & SUMMARIZATION

Note making is an advanced writing skill which is acquiring increasing importance due to knowledge explosion. There is a need to remember at least the main points of any given subject. Note making is a useful skill which comes in handy not only in attempting questions but also in preparing you for life. Notes form an essential part of your academic life & help you in the following ways.

o Notes help you to remember the information you have gathered.
o Notes come in handy for making quick revision before exams.
o Lengthy lessons can be condensed into short relevant pieces by making notes.
o Notes help in understanding the texts better.

How to make notes

• Read the passage carefully.

• Heading

What is the main idea of the passage? Frame a heading based on the central idea and write it in the middle of the page.

• Subheadings

How has the main idea been presented and developed? Are there two or three subordinate/associated ideas? You can frame subheadings based on these.

• Points

Are there further details or points of the subtitles that you wish to keep in these notes? Indent, i.e., suitably space and number. All subheadings should be written at a uniform distance from the margin.

• Indenting

All points should also maintain the same distance away from the margin. Important characteristics of note-making:

• Do not use complete sentences.

• The main points and supporting details are clearly distinguished.

• Certain words are often dropped: articles, words that are repeated, verbs which can be understood in the context, relative pronouns, conjunctions etc. but not at the cost of clarity.

• Avoid unnecessary facts, examples, illustrations etc.

• Condensed information is organized and recorded in a systematic manner that brings out the structure of the original text.

• Headings and supporting details are numbered.

• Provide Key to the abbreviations used at the end.

• Use abbreviations, symbols and numbers wherever necessary. Use standard abbreviations and symbols as far as possible.

Your notes should look like this

Notice that indenting, i.e., shifting from the margin has been used to clearly indicate subheadings, points and sub points. Subheadings, though separated by points, occur below one another. Points come below one another, and sub points to these are further indented. Such use of indenting gives your notes a visual character. At a glance you can see the main idea and its aspects. You may also use other forms of numbering like:

1. ____________________________________

a)…………………………………………………

b)…………………………………………………

c)……………………………………………….

2. ___________________________________________

a) …………………………………………..

(i) ………………………………….

b)…………………………………………………….

c)………………………………………………………….

3. ________________________________________

a)…………………………………………………………

b)……………………………………………………

c)………………………………………………

(i) ……………………………….

(ii) ……………………………………………..

 

SUMMARIZATION

Summarizing and note-making go together. In fact the next step to note-making is writing a summary. The point to bear in mind is that the notes we make on a subject can either be expanded into a detailed account or condensed into a summary. The summary is written on the basis of the notes made on the text. The summary should not exceed 80 words depending on the length of the text.

STEPS IN WRITING A SUMMARY:

1. Read the text and make notes ( as discussed in note-making)

2. Use the notes and make a draft summary without referring to the original text.

3. Read the draft summary to ensure that you have included all the main points. At the same time, make sure that it does not exceed the word limit.

4. Delete all unnecessary details.

5. Check the language for its correction and precision.

6. The summary should be within the word limit.

TIPS FOR MAINTAINING PRECISION:

1. Avoid repetition of subject.

2. The summary should be in normal English and not in ‘note form’ which means that they should be written in complete sentences, but they have to be short.

3. No abbreviations and symbols should be used.

4. Write the summary based on the notes that you have made without going back to the text. It will help you to achieve good results.

5. Your summary should read as a single coherent paragraph.

Abbreviations

Making your own abbreviations:

a. Keep the main sounds of the word. For example, edn. (education), progm. (programme).

b. You should not abbreviate every word.

c. As a general rule, the heading should not be abbreviated. You may use abbreviations in subheadings.

 

Please click on below link to download CBSE Class 11 English Note Making and Summarization Worksheet Set A